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Science Articles The Automaton - Delight of the Victorians When you think about it, a clock or watch are good examples of automata. After all, they have a clockwork mechanism, a prerequisite of a real automaton, and they drive hands around their dials at a set rate. They're so geared as to drive the longer, minute, hand twelve times faster that the shorter, hour, hand. Parts and Functions of a Light Microscope (Part II) A primitive microscope was invented in 1590 in Middelburg, Netherlands, by the eyeglass makers Hans Lippershey, Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans Jansen. Further, Galileo Galilei improved the instrument by using a set of aligned lenses and called it "occhiolino", what means "little eye". In 1625, Giovanni Faber named Galileo Galilei's "occhiolino" as a compound microscope and this name remains until today. The optical microscope, the most common type of microscope, contains several parts with specific functions. Observe the picture and find their functions. 2012 - The End of the World and The Science of it All Just what is the science behind the 2012 Mayan prophecy? Is there any truth to the predictions? Find out what we do know. Kids Explore Technology With Elenco Snap Circuits Electronic Kits Kids electronic kits are a great way to learn how different energies, from solar to hydrogen, work together. These energies are used to develop new technologies and better ways of doing things. Using electronics kits to harness these forces is not only a great way to learn but can also be a lot of fun. Discovery of Speech Genes Gives Major Breakthrough in Genetic Evolution The evolutionary biologists have come up with a major breakthrough in the field of genetic sciences. According to the Live Science reports, in a recent set of studies, the researchers have found one of the most important genes in our bodies that is responsible for our ability to formulate language and understand speech. A New World of Nanotechnology - Miracle of Science With the advent of new technologies, things are becoming more efficient as before, use of digital technologies and now micro technology gaining ground on the entire communication. But things never end here and more research is going on in order to bring innovations in the existing technologies and to make our lives better each day. One of such technologies is Nano technology. Relevant Kids Earth Science The study of earth science is one of the most practical science studies out there. Because it studies the earth, its properties, and anything that can affect the earth, it studies things that we can more or less tangibly see or hear about from other people's experiences. In elementary, kids earth science involves discussing how the earth rotates in the solar system, types of rocks, the water cycle, the weather, and more basic concepts. Though our children will be learning these concepts faster than the pace we learned them at, they are likely to remain the same. It's later on that kids earth science classes will be covering ideas we may have never heard of. Historical Vignette - The Sad Case of Ignaz Semmelweiz, Part I In Vienna in the summer of 1846 a young Hungarian physician by the name of Ignaz Semmelweis had just been appointed to the post of assistant professor of Obstetrics at the Vienna General Hospital. There the young doctor found an appalling situation. His hospital ran two obstetric clinics which provided free perinatal care to the poor of the city. However, the clinic he was in charge of had a maternal mortality rate nearly 3 times that of the other hospital clinic and one which often exceeded 10% in any given month. Mind you this was not an infant mortality of 10%, rather one in ten mothers who entered this hospital to deliver a baby did not leave alive. Opposition to Online Chemistry Labs - Resistance is Futile The online environment is fast becoming many professors preference for disseminating information in higher education. Everything from webinars to videos are being used to deliver course content. Even iTunes has launched iTunes University where you can find top ranked universities delivering their class lectures and labs online. The Many Uses and Types of the Digital Microscope The Digital Age has brought with it many changes in the way we look at things, literally. As can be expected, the most notable and literal of these changes is the digital microscope, which is an advanced variation of the conventional optical microscope. It uses fiber optics and a charge coupled device camera to produce an image directly to a monitor. Student's Microscopes - Preparing Great Scientific Minds Among the exciting things students learn when using student's microscopes is identifying the difference between plant cells and animal cells. As they learn more about cellular life, they are ready to explore more of life's mysteries and go on to conquer the different branches of scientific research. How To Choose the Best Industrial Microscopes to Suit Your Needs So the start of the semester break is just around the corner and your general sciences teacher or professor decides that it is a treat to have a ton of homework during the autumn break. Well, that would have been great if the lines at the science department wasn't so long. How To Maximize Learning Biology With Your Own Biological Microscopes So you are a sophomore or a junior in high school or probably you are a Biology major in the university? And you have a few or more biology subjects requiring the use of biological microscopes. Imagine all of the self-study and experiments you can finish faster if you just had one at your disposal. Principles of Microscopes and Microscopy - Part I The microscope is perhaps the most common equipment in any microbiology lab, since it enables students and professionals to examine organisms and structures invisibles to the naked eye. There are microscopes with several different magnification levels, ranging from hundreds to thousands of hundreds in diameter. Of course, the price of a microscope increases with its quality, but even the simplest microscope can provide amazing views of the microbiology world. Basics of Industrial Microscopes Industrial microscopes are basically just any of the variety of specialized microscopes configured for industrial applications. As such, there are so many uses, applications and configurations that can be imagined, one each for every field. Measuring Moisture in Different Substances A moisture analyzer is a device used in the measurement of moisture content. It is used in a variety of applications, to measure samples of many different substances. Here we take a look at the many uses of these products The Many Applications of Particle Size Measurement Sieve analysis continues to be among the most commonly used methods of particle size measurement, because it is simple, economical and the results easy to interpret. The simplest method involves shaking of the sample in sieves until the amount retained becomes relatively constant. How Water Purification Devices Work in the Laboratory Purified water is water that has been physically processed using a water purification device to remove impurities. There are a considerable number of methods and devices that can be used for this purpose. Stirring Devices Within the Laboratory One of the most important pieces of equipment is the laboratory stirring device. This simple yet purposeful machine is used for the mixing of liquid chemicals, and for the dissolution of solids within a liquid. Here we take a look at the many applications of the lab stirrer. What Are Spectrophotometers Used For in the Lab? A spectrophotometer or UV spectrophotometer is an instrument used in spectrophotometry; the study of electromagnetic spectra. It is more specific than the broader term electromagnetic spectroscopy in that spectrophotometry deals with visible light, near-ultraviolet and near-infrared. Electromagnetic spectroscopy includes time-resolved spectroscopic techniques, while spectrophotometry does not. How Dry Baths Are Used in the Laboratory The dry bath is a versatile piece of equipment which provides controlled dry heat for a wide variety of clinical and general chemistry applications. They are useful in the latest process incubation, temperature calibration, blood bank, enzyme reactions, incubation, inactivation and temperature calibration applications. What is a Laboratory Information Management System Database LIMS, or laboratory information management System, is comprised of software that has the ability to catalogue, manage, and compile database forms for resulting and result submission. Here we take a look at the uses and applications for a LIMS database. Why Measuring Viscosity is Important For Many Industries Measuring viscosity reveals the degree of a liquid or gaseous substance's resistance to flow, usually in terms of its unwillingness to flow under conditions where it is deformed by shear or extensional stress. A viscosimeter is the instrument used to measure the relative fluidity or viscosity of the material. 2012 - The End of the World and the Science of it All Just what is the science behind the 2012 Mayan prophecy? Is there any truth to the predictions? Find out what we do know. MicroRNAs Play a Critical Role in Immune System by Regulating - Fine Tuning Inflammatory Response MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have proven to be extremely important part of the gene expression regulation mechanism. LC Sciences microRNA profiling services have helped many researchers to explore and examine miRNA cellular networks. Bioethanol - What is it and What Are the Other Forms of Renewable Energy? In the last few years, we have been over-supplied with information about Global warming, CO2, green energy, recycling, bio-ethanol, bio- diesel, and similar news and products. This article looks to explore some of the facts behind renewable energy. Charles Darwin "On the Origin of Species..." changed the world. Meet Charles Darwin, it's unlikely author. How to Make a Hypothesis For a Chemistry Set Science Kit Experiment So you have a beautiful brand new science kit, such as a chemistry set, and you want to set up a truly scientific experiment, something really professional, something tightly organized and keenly observed. Sounds like a great idea so far! So where do you begin? The Great Law - Part I the Science of Threspsology - Digestion The starch is insoluble and unassailable and can not be utilized by the body, until it becomes soluble and assailable by a chemical change which converts it from starch into dextrin, and then into glucose. In the last name state it is ready for absorption into the blood and assimilation by the cells. The Great Law - Part I the Science of Threspsology - Digestion The starch is insoluble and unassailable and can not be utilized by the body, until it becomes soluble and assailable by a chemical change which converts it from starch into dextrin, and then into glucose. In the last name state it is ready for absorption into the blood and assimilation by the cells. How to Effectively Learn Human Anatomy When a person first takes on the challenge of learning the anatomical structures and functions of the human body the task can seem daunting. There are specific ways an individual can increase their efficiency by utilizing proper educational resources and methods to effectively learn anatomy. A dedicated persistence is necessary to learn human anatomy effectively. Centigrade Fahrenheit Centigrade Fahrenheit Outside the United States with few exceptions temperature is measured in degrees Centigrade (most commonly referred to as degrees Celsius), so therefore it will usually be us (Americans) who will have to perform Centigrade Fahrenheit temperature conversion, or convert from our Fahrenheit to Centigrade so that others can understand us. A friend of mine showed me this cute trick where you can use essentially the same equation to convert in either direction, but first let's look at how other people do it: The National Weather Service Forcast Office (Buffalo, NY) maintains a... Dead Sea Canal Project - What It's All About? The Dead Sea, lowest point on the earth's surface, is considered as a habitat of rare species of plants and animals. Composition of the sea is such that numerous skin and other diseases are treated effectively by its high saline water. Its rich archaeological remains have been considered as major source of attraction for tourists. But, the sea is facing a major problem of declining water level with every passing day. Let's explore the reasons why the sea is shrinking and what steps have been taken in order to save it. Chemical Analysis of Sodium Chloride Evaluation of salt concentration (sodium chloride) present in foodstuffs is very important mainly for the reason of preservation and taste of the food products. Total chloride in the food is usually determined and can be presented as sodium chloride content. An Appreciation of Jeremy Rifkin and Technology Danger In 2000 while researching my PhD Natural Health and The Biotech Revolution I read some startling revelations from author Jeremy Rifkin. We are inventing a new nature by manipulating nature at the cellular level. There are dangers. An Appreciation of Constantine Hering, the Father of American Homeopathy In my search for alternative health methods I was intrigued by the story of Constantine Hering. My research shows he follows the path of many early doctors who made the decision to study and practice homeopathy following a surprising cure. Testing Laboratories Prevent Health Problems Not all things are visible to the eyes especially if their sizes are very small. With this, people who are experts in the medical technology did several in depth studies and have resulted to testing laboratories operations. This is in a lab setting wherein professionals were able to identify the specimens' contents. Bio - Technology - Problems and Possibilities The study of natural health endorses a healthy diet of organic whole grain, vegetables, and fruits. We learn in the study of herbs that the medicinal values are in the life force (energies) of the mineral, or plant, not their isolated chemicals. We learn that eating close to the earth will make us healthier. We learn that the secret to a healthy, long life is holistic, the marriage of spirit, minds, and body. Cool Science Fair Projects Made Simple and Fun Cool science fair projects get kids learning about science, yet they won't even realize they're "learning." Cool science projects are sometimes the best way to demonstrate scientific principles in a hands on way. The Numerous Applications of the Incubator Shaker An incubator shaker is required equipment for all laboratories that are engaged in biomedical or biological research. Often also called shaking incubators or environmental shakers, they combine the functions of shakers and incubators into a single integrated unit. How Laboratory Refrigerators and Freezers Are Used in the Lab A laboratory refrigerator or lab freezers have an obvious and essential function; these units are used to cool or freeze samples for preservation. Here we take a look at the unique properties and applications for these products. Different Aspects and Applications of Material Analysis Material analysis involves the discovery of the physical and chemical properties of all types of materials, including solids, liquids and gases. Here we take a look at some of the applications and the uses for this type of technique. The Universe and Intelligent Life The universe: It would take, traveling at the speed of light, over 13.7 billion years to travel in our know universe, this is if we were able to travel at these speeds. Getting to my point can we really think that we are possibly the only intelligent life in all this Space? Intelligence of Einstein The name "Einstein" is now-a-days synonymous with the word "Genius." And he was, by most people's standards, a genius. But why? Educate and Amaze Your Kids With Science Toys There was a time when getting kids really educational toys was something that every family did. Each year around Christmas or on my birthday I could always expect presents of books and science toys of some kind. It's rare to see kids getting presents like that now - even though they'd have great fun with them and learn so much. What Do Single and Double Beam Spectrophotometers Do? A single and double beam spectrophotometer is an instrument which is designed to measure light by wavelength distribution. Here we take a look at the different applications for each. Determining Particle Size and Shape With a Particle Analyzer The field of materials analysis includes a number of different methods of determining the properties of a given material as well as the particles which form the material. A particle analyzer is just one of the many instruments used in the study of the properties of various materials, such as size, shape, density, mass and even porosity of materials. The End of the World - Will it Happen in 2012? There has been a lot of talk about the date December 21, 2012 lately, all centering on the possible end of the world as we know it. Television documentaries, the recent movie 2012, radio shows, numerous blogs, and a media buzzing with excitement have given some credence to the theory that a great cataclysmic event will occur at the end of 2012. With all the commotion, perhaps we should examine this prediction as well. Is there any validity to this claim, or is it just another doomsday scenario that will come and go with barely a whisper? How Forensic Laboratory Information Management Systems Work The Justice system has made several advances in the technology of forensics. Forensics, or the science of discovery of the facts of criminal cases, has been a staple of criminal investigators for decades. The use of specialized equipment and personnel trained for this specific discipline is necessary for developing the facts in truth for a criminal case. Why There Are Differences Between Cells? Our body contains Muscle, Nerve, Skin, and Fat cells. They perform mainly body related functions and so they are called Somatic cells. How Laminar Flow Hoods Are Used in the Laboratory A laminar flow hood is an important piece of equipment in the laboratory, hospitals, quality control department or even on the production floor in many industries. Laminar flow hoods provide a means of circulating filtered air through a small area in order to significantly reduce the chances of exposure to airborne contaminants. These hoods are used in applications where the air quality is of paramount importance, including in pharmacies, food production and preparation as well as in operating rooms. The Many Uses of the Microscope Slide Loader A slide loader is a mechanical device that can be attached to nearly any microscope. This simple yet elegant machine can be computer controlled, and can load slides into the microscope without needing handling by personnel. It can also be fully automated to run unattended, for measuring and analyze the specimens on the slides. Designing an Experiment For an Award Winning K-12 Math Or Science Fair Project Math and Science Fair projects are a wonderful opportunity for K-12 students to enhance their educational experience through hands-on learning. It is one of the rare opportunities that students will have to choose the topic of study for a classroom assignment. It also provides an opportunity for students that are interested in math or science to further explore those subjects. If the student devotes the proper amount of time to complete a project, it can provide an opportunity for students to learn skills that will help them achieve academically in math and science, and also can transfer to all academic subjects in school. A quality math or science fair project involves the student utilizing the scientific method to answer a question in their area of interest... Reactor Systems For Hazard Evaluation Applications One of the most important tools for those engaged in hazard evaluation is the microreactor; this is a bench reactor which provides a compact solution for reaction modeling. Typically, these reactions are confined using microchannels to keep chemical reactions within a space with lateral dimensions of 1 millimeter or less. These bench top reactors are also a staple of microprocess engineering applications, being used to model large scale chemical and physical processes, along with micro heat exchangers. 11 - Dimensional Mind We humans are 3-dimensional perceptual beings immersed in a multi-dimensional reality which our minds cannot grasp. This aspect of our existence is amazingly fundamental, but is generally ignored. However, this remarkable existential disconnect has ramifications that hugely affect our EVERYDAY lives. Knowing and Choosing the Right Laboratory Furniture Scientists require specialized laboratory furniture that allows them to perform their jobs in a safe, comfortable and convenient environment. Of course, such furniture is designed to withstand the rigors of the laboratory environment, provide places for storage of sterile equipment and even provide laboratory personnel with the right platform to work on. Thus, it is of utmost importance to know and choose the right type of furniture for the laboratory. Essential Laboratory Design Features Whether you're in the educational sector, industrial, healthcare, or even pharmaceutical industry, a laboratory is going to be an important tool to achieve an end result. Considering that efficiency and cleanliness are two major parts of working in a laboratory, the laboratory design is essential for successful projects, experiments, and research design studies. Types of Fume Hoods and Safety Tips There are two main types of fume hoods, the ducted and the re-circulating ones. In both units, air is drawn in from the front of the cabinet by use of a fan, and either expelled outside the building or filtered then fed back to the workplace. Quick Ideas For Science Projects Have you ever had to think on your feet? Chances are you have! Most people have, and in fact many people have to continuously think fast as part of their jobs. So what happens when you realize that you have a science project due in a few days and you totally blanked on the part where you were supposed to do it? Turn it into a good exercise for thinking on your feet! While it isn't recommended that you wait till the last minute to do anything, if you find yourself in this situation, then its time to come up with some quick ideas for science projects. Can You Get Radio and Cable Signals Inside of a Steel Building? Metal buildings have become a popular and effective way of storing supplies, operating a business such as a car repair shop, and storing excess items that are cluttering up the home. Trying to find space in your home for all of your loose and large items can be a difficult task. CME and CPD - Ongoing Training For Doctors Doctors have to undergo periodic training courses throughout their career in order to ensure that their skills and knowledge remain current. With the introduction of the new re-validation system, it is likely that this process of continuing medical education will evolve. Combinatorial Math Concepts Needed For Upcoming Article on Parallel Universes Discussion of some elementary concepts in combinatorial math that will be useful for an upcoming article that will prove, using nothing more than high school math, that there is an exact duplicate of you in a parallel universe. The current article offers clear and simple explanations of some basic concepts regarding permutations and combinations. In simple language, how many ways can we arrange a certain number of objects when order matters (permutation) and when order does not matter (combination). The Great Law Revisited - Everything Ages, Why Do We Get it Wrong? Disease results from decay. If we avoid decay, there can be no disease. Clean the blood, disease cannot exist. Choose the Living Food Lifestyle, or Biogenic Life style and you may never see a Doctor. Learn about the Biogenic Bociety. Ethnography Focused on the Communicative Practices in the Field of Biology I conducted research uncovering the types of communication strategies and research practices performed in the teaching of biology science. The teaching of science can be very different from the teaching of other main subjects, such as history, English, and math. How the Small Benchtop Autoclave Makes a Big Impression The bench-style autoclave has been around for some time now, and has been developed for high-tech use. Modern electronics have found their way to the humble bench autoclave making it a device for the millennium in the medical field. What is Studied in Forensic Science? Learn what forensic science is and how it is used to solve crimes. Also examine the various fields that are found within the general category of forensic science. What is Earth Science? Science can be broken down into many different fields of study. One of these fields is earth science. This field examines the physical properties and systems of the planet earth. Archaeological Land Surveying While often undertaken at the conclusion of the excavation, one important use of archaeological land surveying comes before any of the area has been excavated. Land surveying methods can be used to find the sites prior to excavation. What Are the Uses of a Bilirubinometer Instrument A bilirubinometer is an instrument which uses spectrophotometry to determine the levels of bilirubin present in the blood. This level is expressed as a measurement called TSB or total serum bilirubin. The Many Uses of a Biochemistry Analyser A biochemistry analyser is a term which can refer to any number of different instruments used to analyze and measure the characteristics of various samples from biological sources. All types of biochemistry analyser are commonly used in life sciences laboratories and medical settings, where they provide data which is essential for a wide range of research, diagnostic and even product development applications (such as in the pharmaceutical industry). How Colony Counters Are Used in the Modern Laboratory Colony counters are exactly as the name suggests - instruments which are used to count bacteria and other microorganism colonies on a plate of agar or other culture medium. These instruments have progressed from the earliest designs, which were nothing more than a lighted surface; agar plates were set on top of the plate and colonies spotted and marked manually on the plate's outer surface with a felt tip pen. Cymatics - Top 10 Most Amazing Facts Cymatics is a relatively unknown field spanning science and art, showcased recently on TED, as a way to "see sound." Here are the top 10 most amazing facts about this little-known but rapidly growing field of study... Learn About the Ladybug Life Cycle The ladybug life cycle is a pretty simple one. It is also not so different from the butterfly life cycle. The ladybugs go through the same stages as a butterfly does. You've seen lots of adult ladybugs, I'm sure, but you wouldn't know a larva or a pupa unless you've seen them before. The Story of Chemical Analysis in the Modern Lab Chemical analysis is something which is now done using a variety of advanced tools, instruments and software but many of the analytical techniques used in chemical and trace analysis have been around for a very long time now. The basic ideas behind many of these applications have remained much the same, although the equipment used has grown far more sophisticated, for example, gravimetry and titration. Gravimetry studies samples to determine the amount of an analyte present by measuring weight, with this attribute being measured before and after a process which causes a physical change in the sample... The Many Uses of Autoclave Instruments Autoclaves, whether they are large autoclaves or smaller instruments are designed to subject items to steam at a temperature of at least 121 degrees C at high pressure in order to sterilize them. The heat and pressure effectively eliminates bacteria, viruses and other pathogens and these devices are used extensively in laboratories and medical facilities in the preparation of culture media for microbiology and other life sciences applications, to sterilize laboratory glassware, medical instruments and to decontaminate potentially hazardous medical waste before disposal. Middle School Science Projects - Turning Non-Experiments Into the Real Thing Middle school science projects almost always have to be done in the form of an experiment. The trouble for most students is that most of the time, projects that are on the internet or in books are either demonstrations or models. The good news is that many times, a model can be used in an experiment, and variables can be added to a demonstration, so that it can be one, too. Here are five examples of projects that are modified to become an experiment. The Role of Autoclave Water in Disinfecting Medical and Laboratory Apparatuses Autoclave water is being used to purify laboratory and medical apparatuses. An autoclave is a machine that generates superheated water to destroy bacteria as well as other infectious microbes on instruments. To sustain its efficiency, it is very important that this device use pure, distilled or deionized water. The Changing Scope of Physics Some of the concepts and theories being advanced within theoretical physics today would never have been thought of as scientific in the earlier, Newtonian age. During this age, the scope of physical inquiry was set by Galileo and limited to basically matter and motion. The article explores the need to expand this scope quite dramatically and in directions that may seem very unfamiliar at first. The suggestions made for a new conceptual framework would serve the physics of the future. The Many Applications of the Autoclave The autoclave has been an indispensable device around the world in medical laboratories, doctors' offices, pharmacy labs, veterinarians, and research laboratories. Here we take a look at the many uses of the autoclave. Learning Simple Machines - 4 Tricks to Help Your Children Simple machines make moving something across a distance easier. You can use various objects to help children in understanding and learning about simple machines. The Under-Utilised Formation Tester - The Reservoir Characterisation Instrument (RCI) Case The RCI is a modular formation testing and sampling tool designed to provide a more complete description of reservoir fluid and behavior. The RCI2s modularity provides the flexibility to record formation pressures and sample fluids in a wide range of geological environments and borehole conditions. How the Water Filtration Process Works The water filtration process removes undesirable biological contaminants, chemicals, and other compounds from raw water to make it fit for drinking or use in scientific or industrial applications. Find out about a number of different processes used here. How Washing and Sterilization in the Laboratory Has Moved on Laboratory glass washers, surgical instrument washers and other glass washers and sterilization equipment for the laboratory and clinical environments has come a long way. Find out about new practices and procedures here. How Laboratory Washers Help the Science Industry to Advance The laboratory washing machine and laboratory glass washer are a few of the most important pieces of equipment in any laboratory or clinic and are something of the unsung heroes of these fields. Find out why this is so here. The Many Uses of Scintillation Counters Scintillation counters are instruments which use transparent materials to measure ionizing radiation. Transparency is an essential quality of any effective counter, since the material needs to be transparent to the luminescent radiation which it produces itself. Winning Science Projects For First Place Kids Having a winning science project isn't the reason teachers send kids to the science fair, but many kids, having a winning project is their goal. Here are four ways to improve your chances of grabbing one of those first place ribbons. Flaws in Your "Reality" I have several questions about the nature of reality. Perhaps you believe you have answers which you would like to share with me. However, I chose to believe that my questions have torn the facade off so-called reality and proven, once and for all, that nothing exists. You may disagree, but then again, you don't exist. Read on.... GCSE Food Help - Materials and Components Starches are longer chains of sugar molecules, monosaccharide = 1 molecule, disaccharide = 2 molecules. Starch is commonly found in foods such as potatoes, pasta rice and flour. The Properties of starch are one of the most important in Food Technology, without these properties most food couldn't be made. Starch has a property called GELATINISATION this means the starch absorbs water and swells forming a Gel. Knowing More About Mango Fruit Perhaps, you have already familiar with mango as the great delicious fruit you will always want to eat or blend this fruit to be delicious juice. Definitely, we cannot find mango fruit in all countries around the world. The following explanation will tell you more about the history of mango and its great benefits. Check it out. The Pallas Cat Endangered Species - Pallas Cat The Pallas Cat is a small Asian cat ranging from the eastern shoreline of the Caspian Sea and Iran to western China, central Kazakhstan, the Altai Mountains and Inner Mongolia and reaching Tibet and Ladakha. The Pallas cat was named after a German naturalist, Peter Pallas, who discovered the species in 1778. He also noted that the cat was missing the front pre-molar teeth, giving it 28 teeth instead of 30, as found in most felines. No Transitional Fossils in Cambrian Explosion - A Challenge to Darwinism About 95% of all animal fossils are marine invertebrates yet no transitional forms are found in this voluminous record. This presents a challenge to Darwinism. The Cambrian rock layers contain billions of marine invertebrate fossils that look exactly like clams, crabs and squid that are alive today. Mayan Calendar Prophecy, Science Or Fiction? Is the Mayan calendar prophecy, science or fiction? Among the academic community, the predominant opinion is that it is fiction. Whether you think there may be something to pay attention to or you believe that nothing cataclysmic will occur on that day, it may be wise to learn as much as possible from both sides of the issue. What is a Stem Cell? I want to explain this as simply as possible. We all have (ASC) as soon as we are born. The (ESC) are at birth. This is where all the controversy starts when some doctors and scientists want to use those for research. Hence the ethical question. Some say that those have the potential to become human beings and that using them is tantamount to murder. Pretty strong words. Conductivity of Molecules & Single Electron Transport Can we manipulate single molecules so that their electronic capabilities can be tested and then applied? In nanostructures the electrical properties can be markedly different from their macroscopic equivalents thereby revealing many novel effects. Great Science Fair Projects The degree of complication for a science fair project depends on the grade level your child is in. During the lower grades, simple projects are usually accepted because younger students are not expected to have extremely complicated projects and procedures. UAV Acoustic Apparatus For Insect Swarming Stimulus, Part One Can we coax warms of Locusts to attack our enemies? It appears we can do this by way of directional sound stimulus. Disrupting the enemy by guiding mass Locust Swarms towards communication posts, radar facilities, SAM Sites, Command and Control Stations, logistical sites, Major Infrastructures using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles equipped with sound devices which are typically used in agriculture in replacement of pesticides. Historical Vignette - The Sad Case of Ignaz Semmelweiz, Part I In Vienna in the summer of 1846 a young Hungarian physician by the name of Ignaz Semmelweis had just been appointed to the post of assistant professor of Obstetrics at the Vienna General Hospital. There the young doctor found an appalling situation. His hospital ran two obstetric clinics which provided free perinatal care to the poor of the city. However, the clinic he was in charge of had a maternal mortality rate nearly 3 times that of the other hospital clinic and one which often exceeded 10% in any given month. Mind you this was not an infant mortality of 10%, rather one in ten mothers who entered this hospital to deliver a baby did not leave alive. A Brief History of the Microscope From the beginning, man has suspected that there were worlds hidden from his naked eye. This led to the need to see much closer. Here we take a look at how the microscope has evolved in terms of use, acceptance and functionality. Microscope Illumination Lights the Way For Scientific Discovery Even the most sophisticated of microscopes will not yield high quality images which are genuinely of value to researchers without adequate microscope illumination. Here we take a look at why light sources are so important for users of the modern microscope. The Different Options For Lighting Your Microscope The earliest known microscopes were primitive yet functional. They usually consisted of a mirror under the simple stage to illuminate the specimen with sunlight or candle. Here we take a look at the more modern methods of microscope illumination.

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